Publications
In reverse chronological order.
2009
Journal Papers
- M. Agrawal and P. Peumans, "Light trapping in solar cells in the wave domain," in preparation.
- W. Gaynor, J.-Y. Lee and P. Peumans, "Solution-processed organic solar cells on metal foil," in preparation.
- J.-Y. Lee, S.T. Connor, Y. Cui and P. Peumans, "Semitransparent organic photovoltaic cell with laminated top electrode," submitted to Adv. Mater.
- S.B. Rim and P. Peumans, "An analysis of light trapping configurations for thin-film solar cells based on shaped substrates," accepted in J. Appl. Phys.
- M. Agrawal and P. Peumans, "Stopping heat-flow in aperiodic
superlattices," in preparation.
- S. Fujimori, R. Dinyari and P. Peumans, "Electrically-assisted
aerosol deposition of metal nanoparticles," in preparation.
- N.P. Sergeant, O. Pincon and P. Peumans, "Design of omnidirectional
solar absorbers using aperiodic metallodielectric stacks," in
preparation.
- S. Zhao and P. Peumans, "Simulations of carrier dynamics in bulk
heterojunction organic solar cells," in preparation.
- S. Fujimori, R. Dinyari, J.-Y. Lee and P. Peumans, "Plasmonic light concentration in organic solar cells," accepted in Nanoletters.
- K. Huang, R. Dinyari, G. Lanzara, J.Y. Kim, J. Feng, C. Vancura, F.-K. Chang and P. Peumans, "Large-area electronics from monolithic silicon," submitted.
- W. Gaynor and P. Peumans, "Single-layer bistable organic memory
devices with nanostructured electrodes," submitted.
- S. Zhao and P. Peumans, "Geminate recombination at organic semiconductor heterojunctions," submitted.
Conference Presentations
- J. Loudin, R. Dinyari, P. Huie, A. Butterwick, P. Peumans and D.V.
Palanker, "High resolution photovoltaic retinal prosthesis," SPIE
Ophthalmic Technologies XIX Conference, San Jose, CA, Jan 24-26, 2009.
(
Conference link) Highlight: Nominated
for for the eighth Pascal Rol Award for Best Paper on Ophthalmic
Technologies.
- R. Dinyari, Jim Loudin, Phil Luie, Alex Butterwick, Daniel V.
Palanker and Peter Peumans, "A Conformable Artificial Silicon Retina,"
MRS Spring Meeting 2009, San Francisco, CA, April 13-17, 2009.
Invited Talks
- P. Peumans, "Large-area and curved electronics from monolithic
silicon," MRS Fall Meeting, Boston, MA, Nov 30-Dec 4, 2009. [Symposium
C]
- P. Peumans, "Solution-processed transparent conductors," MRS Fall Meeting, Boston, MA, Nov 30-Dec 4, 2009. [Symposium L]
- P. Peumans, "Advances in organic solar cells," MRS Fall Meeting,
Boston, MA, Nov 30-Dec 4, 2009. [Symposium ?]
- P. Peumans, "Low-cost monocrystalline silicon photovoltaics using a
wafer expansion process," OSA/CIPS Optics and Photonics for Advanced
Energy Technology Conference, MIT, Cambridge, MA, June 24-25,
2009.
-
P. Peumans, "Light concentration in solar cells using metallic and dielectric nanostructures," MRS Spring Meeting, San Francisco, CA, April 13-17, 2009. [Symposium P] (Conference link)
- P. Peumans, "Surface plasmon polariton assisted organic solar cells," APS Meeting, Pittsburgh, PA, March 16-20, 2009. ( Conference link)
2008
Journal Papers
- S.-B. Rim, P.B. Catrysse, R. Dinyari, K. Huang and P. Peumans, "The
optical advantage of curved focal plane arrays," Optics
Express 16, 4965-4971 (2008). (
pdf, journal
link)
- J. Wu, H.A. Becerril, Z. Bao and P. Peumans, "Organic solar cells
with solution-processed graphene transparent electrodes," accepted in
Appl. Phys. Lett.
- R. Dinyari, K. Huang, S.-B. Rim, P.B. Catrysse and P. Peumans,
"Curved silicon focal plane arrays," Applied Physics Letters
92, 091114 (2008). (
journal link) Highlights: to be
featured in Photonics Spectra.
- M. Agrawal and P. Peumans, "Broadband optical absorption
enhancement through coherent light trapping in thin-film photovoltaic
cells," Optics Express 16, 5385-5396 (2008).
(pdf,
journal
link)
- S.-B. Rim and P. Peumans, "The effects of optical interference on
exciton diffusion length measurements using photocurrent spectroscopy,"
accepted in Journal of Applied Physics.
- A. Liu, S. Zhao, S.-B. Rim, M. Koenemann, P. Erk and P. Peumans,
"Control of electric field strength and orientation at the
donor-acceptor interface in organic solar cells," Advanced
Materials 2008, 1065-1070 (2008). (
journal link)
- J.-Y. Lee, S.T. Connor, Y. Cui and P. Peumans, "Solution-processed
metal nanowire mesh transparent electrodes", Nanoletters
8, 689-692 (2008). (
pdf, journal link).
Conference Presentations
- T. Nigam and P. Peumans, "TDDB in the presence of interface states: implications for the PMOS reliability margin," International Electron Device Meeting, San Francisco, 2008.
- S.B. Rim and P.Peumans, MRS Fall 2008, Boston.
- J.-Y. Lee, S.T. Connor, Y. Cui and P. Peumans, MRS Fall 2008, Boston.
- M. Agrawal and P.Peumans, MRS Fall 2008, Boston.
- J. Wu, H.A. Becerril, Z. Bao and P. Peumans, MRS Fall 2008, Boston.
- J.-Y. Lee, S.T. Connor, Y. Cui and P. Peumans, "," SSDM 2008,
Japan.
- W. Gaynor, J.-Y. Lee and P. Peumans, "," SSDM 2008, Japan.
- R. Dinyari, K. Huang, S.B. Rim and P. Peumans, "Curving monolithic silicon for nonplanar focal plane array applications," SPIE Optics + Photonics, San Diego, CA, Aug 10-14, 2008.
- M. Agrawal and P. Peumans, "," Sydney, Australia, 2008.
- M. Agrawal and P. Peumans, "," OSA, Stanford, CA 2008.
- J. Wu, H.A. Becerril, Z. Bao and P. Peumans, "," OSA, Stanford, CA
2008.
- C. Kim, J.-Y. Lee, P. Peumans and J. Kim, "Surface plasmon
polariton assisted organic solar cells," NSTI Nanotech 2008, Boston,
Massachussettes, June 1-5, 2008. (Conference link, Abstract)
- S. Zhao, A. Liu, S.-B. Rim and P. Peumans, "New insight into
Carrier Recombination in Organic Solar Cells," 33rd PVSC Conference,
San Diego, CA, May 11-16, 2008. (Conference link)
- O. Pincon, M. Agrawal and P. Peumans, "Aperiodic Metallodielectric Stacks for Thermophotovoltaic and Thermal Solar Applications," MRS Spring Meeting 2008, San Francisco, CA, March 24-28, 2008. [L5.3,9:00m, Wed March 26, 2008] (Conference link)
- Kevin Huang, Rostam Dinyari, Giulia Lanzara, Jong Yon Kim, Jianmin
Feng, Cyril Vancura, Fu-Kuo Chang and Peter Peumans ,"Expandable and
Conformable Silicon for Large Area Electronics and Curved Focal Plane
Arrays," MRS Spring Meeting 2008, San Francisco, CA, March 24-28, 2008.
[M10.3, 11:15am, Thu March 27, 2008] (Conference
link)
- O. Pincon, M. Agrawal and P. Peumans, "Spectral control with
one-dimensional non-periodic metal-dielectric media for parabolic solar
trough applications," SolarPACES Conference, Las Vegas, NV, March 4-7,
2008. (Conference
link)
Invited Talks
- P. Peumans, TBD, ICEL-7, Dresden, Germany, September 2-6, 2008. (Conference link)
- P. Peumans, "Dielectric and plasmonic approaches to enhancing the
efficiency of solar cells," IEEE LEOS, Long Beach, CA, November 9-13,
2008. (
Conference link)
- P. Peumans, "Nanophotonic approaches to low-cost and
high-efficiency photovoltaics," SPIE Optics + Photonics 2008, San
Diego, CA, August 10-14, 2008. (Conference link)
- P. Peumans, TBD, OSA Integrated Photonics and Nanophotonics
Research and Applications (IPNRA) Topical Meeting, July 13-16, 2008,
Boston, MA.
- P. Peumans, "Metal nanostructures for cheaper and more efficient organic photovoltaics," Organic Microelectronics and Optoelectronics Workshop, San Francisco, CA, July 8-11, 2008. (Workshop website)
- P. Peumans. TBD, Technical Innovation Colloquium at Sharp America,
June 27, 2008.
- P. Peumans, TBD, International Workshop on Organic and Organic/Inorganic Composite Optoelectronic Devices (IWOCOMD 2008), Hangzhou, China, June 5-7, 2008. (Conference link)
- P. Peumans, "Are nanostructures of any use in solar energy conversion?," EECS Colloquium at MIT, May 7, 2008.
- P. Peumans, "Exploiting the optical properties of metal nanostructures in solar cells," Foundations of Nanoscience Conference (FNANO08), Snowbird, UT, April 22-25, 2008. (Conference website)
Tutorials
-
P. Peumans, "SC797: The science and technology of organic solar cells," SPIE Optics + Photonics 2008, San Diego, CA, August 10-14.
2007
Journal Papers
-
S.-B. Rim, S. Zhao, S.R. Scully, M.D. McGehee and P. Peumans, "An effective light trapping configuration for thin-film solar cells," Applied Physics Letters 91, 243501 (2007). ( journal link, pdf) Highlights: 2nd most downloaded paper from the Applied Physics Letters website in December 2007 ( link), 11th in January 2008 ( link), and 13th in February 2008 ( link). Highlighted in Photonics Spectra.
- S.-B. Rim, R. F. Fink, J.C. Schoeneboom, P. Erk and P. Peumans,
"Effect of molecular packing on the exciton diffusion length in organic
solar cells," Applied Physics Letters 91,
173504 (2007). (
journal link,
pdf)
- M. Agrawal, Y. Sun, S.R. Forrest and P. Peumans, "Enhanced
outcoupling from organic light-tmitting diodes using aperiodic
dielectric mirrors," Applied Physics Letters
90, 241112 (2007). (
journal link,
pdf) Highlights: Most downloaded
paper from the Applied Physics Letters website in June (
link), July (
link) and August (
link) 2007.
- M. Agrawal and P. Peumans, "Design of non-periodic dielectric
stacks for tailoring the enission of organic light-emitting diodes,"
Optics Express 15, 9715-9721 (2007). (journal
link,
pdf)
Conference Presentations
- K. Akarvardar, D. Elata, G.C. Wan, K. Yoo, J. Provine, P. Peumans,
R.T. Howe, and H.-S. P. Wong, "Design considerations for complementary
nanoelectromechanical logic gates," IEDM 2007, December 2007,
Washington, DC. (
link)
- K. Huang, R. Dinyari, J.Y. Kim, G, Lanzara, J. Feng, F.-K., Chang
and P. Peumans, "Large-area electronics from monolithic silicon," IEDM
2007, December 2007, Washington, DC. (
link). Highlights: Featured on the
Technology Review website and
print magazine. Featured in Laser Focus World.
- [INVITED] P. Peumans, "Enhancing the efficiency of solar cells using metal nanostructures," MRS Fall 2007, November 2007, Boston, MA [GG10.1, 8:00AM, Nov. 29].
- J.-Y. Lee, S.T. Connor, Y. Cui and P. Peumans, "Solution-processed metal nanowire mesh transparent electrodes," MRS Fall 2007, November 2007, Boston, MA [GG11.2, 10:45AM, Nov. 29].
- [INVITED] P. Peumans, "Improved light absorption, exciton diffusion and carrier separation in small molecular weight organic solar cells," MRS Fall 2007, November 2007, Boston, MA [H10.2, 9:00AM, Nov. 28].
- S.-B. Rim, S. Zhao, S.R. Scully, M.D. McGehee and P. Peumans, "An effective light trapping configuration for thin-film solar cells," MRS Fall 2007, November 2007, Boston, MA [H12.2, 3.45PM, Nov. 28].
- A. Liu, S. Zhao, S.-B. Rim, M. Koenemannm P. Erk and P. Peumans, "Control of Electric Field Strength and Orientation at the Donor-Acceptor Interface in Organic Solar Cells," MRS Fall 2007, November 2007, Boston, MA [H10.5, 11:00AM, Nov. 28].
- S. Fujimori, R. Dinyari, J.-Y. Lee and P. Peumans, "Electric-field-assisted aerosol deposition of metal nanoparticles for surface-plasmon-enhanced organic photovoltaic cells," Electronic Materials Conference, June 20-22, 2007, University of Notre Dame, IN.
- J.-Y. Lee and P. Peumans, "Subwavelength metal gratings as fleible and ransparent electrodes in organic thin-film photovoltaic cells," Electronic Materials Conference, June 20-22, 2007, University of Notre Dame, IN.
- K. Huang, R. Dinyari, J.Y. Kim, P. Peumans, J. Feng, G. Lanzara and
F.-K. Chang, "Stretchable silicon wired sensor networks for smart
materials," China.
- W. Gaynor and P. Peumans, "Single layer organic non-volatile memory elements," MRS Spring 2007, April 2007, San Francisco, CA.
Invited Talks
- P. Peumans, "Enhancing the efficiency of solar cells using metal nanostructures," MRS Fall 2007, November 2007, Boston, MA [GG10.1, 8:00AM, Nov. 29].
- P. Peumans, "Improved light absorption, exciton diffusion and carrier separation in small molecular weight organic solar cells," MRS Fall 2007, November 2007, Boston, MA [H10.2, 9:00AM, Nov. 28].
- P. Peumans, "Printing high-performance electronics using vapor
jets," Printed Electronics USA, Nov. 12-15, San Francisco, CA, 2007. (
Conference website)
- P. Peumans, "Nano- and microscale structuring for low-cost high-efficiency solar cells," Cleantech Innovation and Entrepreneurship in China event, North America Chinese Semiconductor Association (NACSA), Santa Clara, October 3, 2007.
- P. Peumans, "Nanomaterials for low-cost, high-efficiency solar cells," 2007 Nano P2 Conference, Sep. 25-26, Arlington, VA, 2007. (Conference website)
- P. Peumans, "The importance of unintentional doping in small molecular weight organic solar cells," SPIE Optics and Photonics 2007, August 2007, San Diego, CA.
- P. Peumans, "Nanoscale carrier and light transport in organic solar cells," Colloquium in Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Department, University of Minnesota, May 1, 2007.
- P. Peumans, H.-S.P. Wong and C.B. Musgrave, "Improved switches using molecular conformational feedback," CNSI Workshop, March 2007, Kauai, HI.
- P. Peumans, "Stretching silicon," Large-area electronics workshop, MIT, March 5, 2007.
- P. Peumans, "Engineering organic solar cells: nanoscale carrier transport and plasmonic enhancement," MSE Colloquium, UCLA, February 9, 2007.
Conference Posters
- S.-B. Rim, Jan Schoeneboom, Peter Erk and Peter Peumans, "The effect of molecular packing on the exciton diffusion length in organic solar cells," H9.24, MRS Fall 2007, November 2007.
- J. Wu, S.-B. Rim and Peter Peumans, "Study of Subphthalocyanine chloride based solar cells," H.48, MRS Fall 2007, November 2007.
-
M. Agrawal and P. Peumans, "Broadband optical absorption enhancement in thin-film photovoltaic cells using coherent light trapping," H9.16, MRS Fall 2007, November 2007.
-
S. Fujimori, J.-Y. Lee, R. Dinyari and P. Peumans, "Plasmon-enhanced organic photovoltaic cells with metal-core/insulator-shell nanoparticles using an improved deposition method," GG6.19, MRS Fall 2007, November 2007.
- [BEST POSTER AWARD] S. Fujimori, R. Dinyari, J.-Y.
Lee and P. Peumans, "Electric-field assisted aerosol deposition for
metal nanostructure-enhanced organic photovoltaics," Z7.24, MRS Spring
2007, April 10-13, 2007, San Francisco, CA. (Symposium
website)
Tutorials
- P. Peumans, "SC797: The science and technology of organic solar
cells," SPIE Optics and Photonics Meeting, August 2007, San Diego, CA.
(pdf, SPIE Course
website)
Patents
- “Aperiodic dielectric multilayer stack, ” P. Peumans and S.R. Forrest, US Patent #7,196,835, March 27, 2007.
2006
Conference Presentations
- M. Agrawal, Y. Sun, S.R. Forrest and P. Peumans, "Efficient organic
light-emitting diodes using tapered periodic and aperiodic dielectric
mirrors," MRS Fall 2006, Boston, MA, November 2006.
- [INVITED] P. Peumans, "Solving the OLED
outcoupling problem using aperiodic dielectric stacks," AIChE, San
Francisco, CA, November 2006.
- [INVITED] P. Peumans, "Solar cells based on
organic pigments: device architectures and processing," SPIE Optics and
Photonics Meeting, San Diego, CA, August 2006.
- [INVITED] P. Peumans, "Metal
nanostructure-enhanced organic solar cells," Electronic Materials
Conference, University Park, PA, June 2006.
- K. Huang and P. Peumans, "Stretchable silicon sensor networks for structural health monitoring," Proceedings of the SPIE, Volume 6174, pp. 322-331, San Diego, February 2006. ( link)
Invited Talks
- [INVITED] P. Peumans, "Solving the OLED
outcoupling problem using aperiodic dielectric stacks," AIChE, San
Francisco, CA, November 2006.
- [INVITED] P. Peumans, "Solar cells based on
organic pigments: device architectures and processing," SPIE Optics and
Photonics Meeting, San Diego, CA, August 2006.
- [INVITED] P. Peumans, "Metal nanostructure-enhanced organic solar cells," Electronic Materials Conference, University Park, PA, June 2006.
Patents
- “Organic photosensitive optoelectronic device with an exciton blocking layer,” S.R. Forrest, V. Bulovic, and P. Peumans, April 11, 2006.
- “Smart card composed of organic processing elements,” S.R. Forrest and P. Peumans, US Patent #7,025,277, April 11, 2006.
2005
Conference Presentations
- M. Agrawal and P. Peumans, “Molding the emission of OLEDs using non-periodic dielectric photonic structures,” MRS Fall Meeting 2005, Boston, MA, November 2005.
- J.-Y. Lee and P. Peumans, “Organic photovoltaic cells incorporating metal nanoparticles,” MRS Fall Meeting 2005, Boston, MA, November 2005.
- [INVITED] P. Peumans, “Small molecular weight organic solar cells,” Plastic Electronics Conference, Frankfurt, Germany, October 2005.
- [BEST PAPER AWARD] K. Huang and P. Peumans, “Large
sensor networks built from monolithic silicon,” International Workshop
on Structural Health Monitoring, Stanford, CA, September 2005.
- S. Zhao and P. Peumans, “Geminate charge separation in organic bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cells,” Materials Research Society 2005 Spring Meeting, San Francisco, CA, April 2005.
Tutorials
- P. Peumans, Tutorial on Organic Photovoltaics, MRS Fall Meeting 2005, Boston, MA, November 2005.
Patents
- “Organic triodes with novel grid structures and method of production,” M.A. Baldo, P. Peumans, S.R. Forrest and C.K. Kim, US Patent #6,884,093, April 26, 2005.
- “Method of fabricating an organic photosensitive optoelectronic device with exciton blocking layer,” S.R. Forrest, V. Bulovic and P. Peumans, US Patent #6,884,025, January 18, 2005.
2004 and Earlier
Journal Papers
- B.P. Rand, P. Peumans and S.R. Forrest, “Long-range absorption enhancement in organic tandem thin-film solar cells containing silver nanoclusters,” J. Appl. Phys. 96, 7519-7526 Dec 2004.
- M. Shtein, P. Peumans, J.B. Benziger and S.R. Forrest, “Direct, mask- and solvent-free printing of molecular organic semiconductors,” Adv. Mater. 16, 1615-1620, Sep. 2004.
- P. Peumans and S.R. Forrest, “Separation of geminate charge-pairs at donor-acceptor interfaces in disordered solids,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 398, 27-31, Nov 2004.
- M. Shtein, P. Peumans, J. B. Benziger and S.R. Forrest,” Direct mask-free patterning of molecular organic semiconductors using organic vapor jet printing,” J. Appl. Phys. 96, 4500-4507, Oct 2004.
- P. Peumans, S. Uchida and S.R. Forrest, “Efficient bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cells using small-molecular-weight organic thin films,” Nature 425, 158, Sep 2003.
- M. Shtein, P. Peumans, J.B. Benzinger and S.R. Forrest, “Micropatterning of small molecular weight organic semiconductor thin filoms using organic vapor phase deposition,” J. Appl. Phys. 93, 4005, Apr 2003.
- [INVITED REVIEW] P. Peumans, A. Yakimov and S.R.
Forrest, “Small molecular weight organic thin-film photodetectors and
solar cells,” J. Appl. Phys. 93, 3693, Apr
2003. Highlights: 15th most-cited paper
in solar cells 1997-2007 (link).
- P. Peumans and S.R. Forrest, “Very-high-efficiency double-heterostructure copper phthalocyanine/C60 photovoltaic cells,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 126, Jul 2001. Highlights: 20th most-cited paper in solar cells 1997-2007 (link).
- P. Peumans, V. Bulovic and S.R. Forrest, “Efficient, high-bandwidth multilayer organic photodetectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 3855, Jun 2000.
- P. Peumans, V. Bulovic and S.R. Forrest, “Efficient photon harvesting at high optical intensities in ultrathin organic double-heterostructure photovoltaic diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 2650, May 2000.
Conference Presentations
- P. Peumans, S. Uchida and S.R. Forrest, "Small molecular weight bulk heterojunction solar cells," Material Research Society 2003 Fall Meeting, San Francisco CA, November 2003.
- P. Peumans, S. Uchida, and S.R. Forrest, “Influence of device
architecture and interface morphology on the power conversion
efficiency of small molecular photovoltaic cells,” NCPV2003, Denver,
CO, March 2003.
- [INVITED] P. Peumans and S.R. Forrest, “Efficient organic photovoltaic cells and photodetectors,” IEEE International Electron Device Meeting 2001, Washington DC, December 2001.
- [INVITED] P. Peumans and S.R. Forrest, “High performance organic solar cells and photodetectors,” Optical Society of America Annual Meeting 2001, Long Beach CA, October 2001.
- P. Peumans, V. Bulovic and S.R. Forrest, “Thin film multilayer photodetectors grown by organic molecular beam deposition: physics and applications,” 10th International Conference on Solid Films and Surfaces, Princeton NJ, July 2000.
- P. Peumans, V. Bulovic and S.R. Forrest, “Efficient photovoltaic diodes and high-bandwidth photodetectors based on organic heterojunctions,” SPIE International Symposium on Optical Science and Technology, San Diego CA, August 2000.
- P. Peumans, V. Bulovic and S.R. Forrest, “Efficient, high-bandwidth multilayer organic photodetectors,” Material Research Society 2000 Spring Meeting, San Francisco CA, April 2000.
- P. Peumans, V. Bulovic and S.R. Forrest, “Efficient photon harvesting at high optical intensities in ultrathin organic double-heterostructure photovoltaic diodes,” Material Research Society 1999 Fall Meeting, Boston MA, December 1999.
- H. Boeve, J. Das, L. Lagae, P. Peumans, C. Bruynseraede, K.
Dessein, L.V. Melo, R.C. Sousa, P.P. Freitas, G. Borghs, “Technology
assessment for MRAM cells with magnet/semiconductor bits,” Digests of
the Intermag Conference, p. GA-04, May 1999.
Patents
- “Organic photosensitive optoelectronic device with a charge blocking layer,” S. R. Forrest, V. Bulovic and P. Peumans, US Patent #6,692,820, February 17, 2004.
- “Solar cells using fullerenes,” S.R. Forrest and P. Peumans, U.S. Patent #6,580,027, June 17, 2003.
- “Organic photosensitive optoelectronic device with an exciton blocking layer,” S.R. Forrest, V. Bulovic, and P. Peumans, U.S. Patent #6,451,415, September 17, 2002.
- “Photovoltaic device with optical concentrator and method of making the same,” P. Peumans, S.R. Forrest, and V. Bulovic, U.S. Patent #6,440,769, August 27, 2002.
- “Highly efficient multiple reflection photosensitive optoelectronic device with optical concentrator,” S.R. Forrest, V. Bulovic, and P. Peumans, U.S. Patent #6,333,458, November 26, 1999.
